Count de Las Cases
Memorial de Sainte Hélène
London, 1823
My Residence with the Emperor Napoleon.

Volume 3, Part 5
page 254 – 310
1816, August 24 - 26

My English Family.—Just Debt of Gratitude to the English on the part of the Emigrants, &c.—General Joubert.—Petersburg.—Moscow ;  the Fire.—Projects of Napoleon, had he returned victorious.

24th.—I went, at two o’clock, to the Emperor, in his apartment.  He had sent for my atlas in the morning.  I found him finishing his examination of the map of Russia, and of that part of America adjoining the Russian establishments.

He had suffered, and coughed a great deal, during the night.  The weather had, however, assumed a mild appearance.  While he was dressing to go out, he often dwelt upon the happy idea of the atlas, the merit of its execution, and the immensity of its contents.  He concluded, as usual, with saying :  “What a collection !  What details !  How complete in all its parts !”

The Emperor went to the garden.  I told him, that I had written, in the morning, to England, and answered the letter which I had read to him two or three days ago.  “Your English family,” he then observed, “seem to be very good kind of people ;  they are very fond of you, and you appear very much attached to them”  I answered :  “Sire, I took care of them in France, during their ten years of captivity, and they had taken care of me in England, during my ten years of emigration.  It is altogether the hospitality of the ancients which we exercise towards each other.  I rely upon them, in every respect, and they are at liberty to dispose of all I possess”  “This,” said he, “is a very happy connexion.  How did you obtain it ?  To what are you indebted for it ?  “ I then told him how I became acquainted with his family.

“Never was the plank, by the assistance of which an unfortunate person, after shipwreck, preserved his life, dearer to him than this family is to me.  There are, Sire, no favours, no treasures, which can compensate the kindnesses I have received from it, and the happiness it has conferred upon me.

“When the horrible excesses of our revolution compelled us to take refuge in England, our emigration produced the liveliest sensation in that country ;  the arrival of so many illustrious exiles, their past fortunes, and their actual forlorn condition, were impressed on every mind, and filled every heart.  They became the subject of consideration in political assemblies, in places of divine worship, in fashionable circles, and in private families.  That catastrophe agitated every class, and excited every sympathy.  We were surrounded by a generous and feeling multitude.  We were the objects of the most delicate attentions, and of the most substantial favours.  Such, it must be acknowledged, was the affecting sight held out by a vast portion of English society, even in spite of the difference of opinions.  It is a testimony due from our gratitude to the truth of history.

“I was then at London with a cousin of my name, whose situation at the court of Versailles, had enabled her to be of some service to the most distinguished persons in Europe, where she was a lady of honour to the Princess Lamballe, who was herself sub-intendant of the Queen’s household.  That turned out a fortunate circumstance for our family.  My cousin experienced proofs of the greatest benevolence ;  a great number of persons were eager in making a tender of their services, and, among others, a certain young couple.  The wife was charming, and distinguished for the elegance and nobleness of her manners ;  the husband was of an easy temper, of a mild and honourable character.  Their house was almost instantly open to my cousin, and to all her relations, who had every reason to find themselves as much at their ease there, as if they had been in their own families.

“This worthy couple took every occasion to oblige, and to be of use to our refugees.  Their house was frequented by the most distinguished emigrants.  A great number of us there contracted a debt of gratitude, which, notwithstanding all its extent, I should not despair of paying, were I alone left to discharge it.  I shall leave it as a legacy to my children, who, if they resemble me, will look upon it as sacred, and deem themselves happy in redeeming the obligation.

“Elevation of soul, and the emotions of a French heart, characterized the conduct of Lady... When the Prince of Condé, (arrived at London,) was looking for a country residence, she sent me to offer him the superb mansion she possessed, in the county of Durham.  The Prince, after hearing the particulars, having remarked, that it would, no doubt, cost him the ransom of a King, was agreeably surprised at learning, that it was presented to him by a French woman, who would, she said, consider that she had received an inestimable price, should a Condé condescend to inhabit it.  He went, instantly, to express his acknowledgments in person.

“This family visited Paris after the peace of Amiens, and it was in its bosom, and through its protection, that I was enabled, a few days sooner, to breathe the air of my country.  I was exempted, through its means, from the tedious and painful formalities required from me by the act of amnesty on the frontier, and I felt it my duty to provide for their accommodation at Paris, with much more facility and less inconvenience than they could have done themselves.  I had also the happiness, when the measure for detaining the English residents was carried into effect, and this family was placed among the number, of alleviating, in my turn, their condition, and becoming their security.

“We were, at length, separated by time and circumstances ;  but they have lost nothing in my recollection ;  and the needle is less constant to the pole, and less faithful in its guidance, than are my thoughts, and my gratitude, with respect to those good and valuable friends.  Such, Sire, is what your Majesty is pleased to call my English family.”

We had, however, during my relation, walked to the stable, and called for the calash.  The Emperor ordered it to take us up at the bottom of the wood.  We waited for it a long time, because Madame de Montholon was seized with a sudden indisposition.  Her husband came to apologize for the delay, and the Emperor made him get in.

The conversation turned, during our ride, upon General Joubert, whose brother-in-law and aid-de-camp M. de Montholon had been.

“Joubert,” said the Emperor, “entertained a high veneration for me ;  he deplored my absence at every reverse experienced by the republic, during the expedition to Egypt.  He was, at that time, at the head of the army of Italy ;  he had taken me for his model, aspired to imitate my plans, and attempted to accomplish nothing less than what I afterwards effected in Brumaire :  he had, however, the jacobins to assist him.  The measures and intrigues of that party, to place the means of executing that grand enterprise in his power, had raised him to the command in Italy, after the disasters of Scherer ;  of that Scherer, who was an ignorant peculator, and deserving of every censure.  But Joubert was killed at Novi, in his first rencounter with Suwarrow ;  any attempt of his, at Paris, would have failed ;  he had not yet acquired a sufficient degree of glory, of consistency and maturity.  He was, by nature, calculated for all these acquirements, but, at that moment, he was not adequately formed ;  he was still too young, and that enterprise was then beyond his ability.”

The following is the General’s portrait, drawn by the Emperor, for his campaigns of Italy, and of which I have recovered the sketch.

Joubert, born in the department of the Ain, in ancient Bressa, had gone through a course of studies for the bar.  He was induced by the revolution to turn his thoughts to the military art ;  he served in the army of Italy and was there promoted to the rank of General of Brigade.  He was tall and thin, and seemed naturally of a feeble constitution ;  but he had exercised it by severe fatigues in the Alps, and had inured it to hardship.  He was intrepid, vigilant, extremely active, and marched always at the head of his columns.  He was made General in the room of Vaubois, whose corps d’armée he commanded.  He gained a great deal of honour in the campaign of Leoben, commanding the left Wing, which he led to effect a junction with the main body of the army from the mountains of the Tyrol through the defiles of the Putherstal.  He was very warmly attached to Napoleon, who entrusted him with the presentation of the lost standards taken by the army of Italy, to the Directory.  Having remained at Paris during the campaign of Egypt, he married the daughter of the senator Semonville, who afterwards became the wife of General Macdonald.  That marriage involved him in the intrigues of the Manège, and got him appointed Commander in chief of the army of Italy after Scherer’s defeat.  He was killed at the battle of Novi.  He might have acquired great celebrity.

The Emperor was only able to take one round ;  he found himself too much fatigued, and was far from being well.

At half past eight o’clock, the Emperor ordered me to be called.  He told me, he had been obliged to take a bath, and thought he was a little feverish.  He felt he had suddenly caught cold, but he no longer coughed since he was in the bath.  He continued for a long time in the water.  He dined in it, and a small table was laid for me at the side of it.  The Emperor reverted to the history of Russia.  “Had Peter the Great,” he asked, “acted with wisdom in founding a capital at Petersburgh at so vast an expense ?  Would not the results have been greater, had he expended all his money at Moscow ?  What was his object ?  Had he accomplished it ?”  I replied ;  “if Peter had remained at Moscow, his nation would have continued Muscovite, a people altogether Asiastic ;  it was necessary that it should be displaced for its reform and alteration.  He had, therefore, selected a position on the very frontiers, wrested from the enemy, and in founding his capital, and accumulating all his strength, he rendered it invulnerable ;  he connected himself with European society ;  he established his power in the Baltic sea, by which he could with ease prevent his natural enemies, the Poles and Swedes, from forming alliances, when they stood in need of them, with the nations situated behind them,” &c. &c.

The Emperor said, “he was not altogether satisfied with these reasons.  However, it may be,” he observed, “Moscow has disappeared, and who can compute the wealth that has been swallowed up there ?  Let us contemplate Paris with the accumulation of centuries, of works and of industry.  Had its capital, for the 1400 years it has existed, increased but a million a year, what sums !  Let us connect with that the warehouses, the furniture, the union of sciences and the arts, the complete establishments of trade and commerce, &c. &c., and this is the picture of Moscow, and yet all that vanished in an instant !  What a catastrophe !  Does not the bare idea of it make one shudder ? ... I do not think it could be re-established at the expense of two thousand millions.”

He expatiated at great length on all these events, and let a word escape him, which was too characteristic, not to be specially noted down by me.  The name of Rostopchin having been pronounced, I presumed to remark, that the colour at that time given to his patriotic action, had very much surprized me, for he had interested me instead of exciting my indignation, and even much more, that I had envied him ! .... To which the Emperor replied with singular vivacity, and with a kind of contraction which betrayed vexation ;  “If many at Paris had been capable of reading and feeling it in that way, believe me I should have applauded it !  But I had no choice left me”  Resuming the subject of Moscow, he said :—

“Never with all the powers of poetry, have the fictions of the burning of Troy equalled the reality of that of Moscow.  The city was of wood, the wind was violent ;  all the pumps had been carried off.  It was literally an ocean of fire.  Nothing had been saved from it ;  our march was so rapid, our entrance so sudden.  We found even diamonds on the women’s toilets, they had fled so precipitately.  They wrote to us in a short time afterwards, that they had sought to escape from the first bursts of a dangerous soldiery ;  that they recommended their property to the generosity of the conquerors, and would not fail to reappear in the course of a few days to solicit their kindnesses and testify their gratitude.

“The population was far from having plotted that atrocity.  Even they themselves delivered up to us three or four hundred criminals, escaped from prison, who had executed it”  “But, Sire, may I presume to ask, if Moscow had not been burnt, did not your Majesty intend to establish your quarters there ?”  “Certainly,” answered the Emperor, “and I should then have held up the singular spectacle of an army wintering in the midst of a hostile nation, pressing upon it from all points ;  it would have been the ship caught in the ice.  You would have been in France without any intelligence from me for several months ;  but you would have remained quiet, you would have acted wisely ;  Cambacères would, as usual, have conducted affairs in my name, and all would have been as orderly, as if I had been present.  The winter, in Russia, would have weighed heavy on every one, the torpor would have been general.  The spring also would have revived for all the world.  All would have been at once on their legs, and it is well known, that the French are as nimble as any others.

“On the first appearance of fine weather, I should have marched against the enemy, I should have beaten them ;  I should have been master of their empire.  Alexander, be assured, would not have suffered me to proceed so far.  He would have agreed to all the conditions which I might have dictated, and France would then have begun to enjoy all her advantages.  And truly, my success depended upon a mere trifle.  For I had undertaken the expedition to fight against armed men, not against nature in the violence of her wrath.  I defeated armies, but I could not conquer the flames, the frost, stupefaction, and death ! ... I was forced to yield to fate.  And, after all, how unfortunate for France—indeed for all Europe !

“Peace, concluded at Moscow, would have fulfilled and wound up my hostile expeditions.  It would have been, with respect to the grand cause, the term of casualties and the commencement of security.  A new horizon, new undertakings, would have unfolded themselves, adapted, in every respect, to the well-being and prosperity of all.  The foundation of the European system would have been laid, and my only remaining task would have been its organization.

“Satisfied on these grand points, and every where at peace, I should have also had my congress and my holy alliance.  These are plans which were stolen from me.  In that assembly of all the sovereigns, we should have discussed our interest in a family way, and settled our accounts with the people, as a clerk does with his master.

“The cause of the age was victorious, the revolution accomplished ;  the only point in question was to reconcile it with what it had not destroyed.  But that task belonged to me ;  I had for a long time been making preparations for it, at the expense, perhaps, of my popularity.  No matter.  I became the arch of the old and new alliance, the natural mediator between the ancient and modern order of things.  I maintained the principles and possessed the confidence of the one ;  I had identified myself with the other.  I belonged to them both ;  I should have acted conscientiously in favour of each ;

“ My glory would have consisted in my equity.”

And, after having enumerated what he would have proposed between sovereign and sovereign, and between sovereigns and their people, he continued ;  “Powerful as we were all that we might have conceded, would have appeared grand.  It would have gained us the gratitude of the people.  At present, what they may extort, will never seem enough to them, and they will be uniformly distrustful and discontented.”

He next took a review of what he would have proposed for the prosperity, the interests, the enjoyments and the well-being of the European confederacy.  He wished to establish the same principles, the same system every where.  An European code ;  a court of European appeal, with full powers to redress all wrong decisions, as our’s redresses at home those of our tribunals.  Money of the same value but with different coins ;  the same weights, the same measures, the same laws, &c. &c.

“Europe would soon in that manner,” he said, “have really been but the same people, and every one, who travelled, would have every where found himself in one common country.”

He would have required, that all the rivers should be navigable in common ;  that the seas should be thrown open ;  that the great standing armies should, in future, be reduced to the single establishment of a guard for the sovereign, &c. &c.  In fine, a crowd of ideas fell from him, the greater part of which were new ;  some of the simplest nature, others altogether sublime, relative to the different political, civil, and legislative branches, to religion, to the arts, and commerce :  they embraced every subject.

He concluded :  “On my return to France, in the bosom of my country, at once great, powerful, magnificent, at peace and glorious, I would have proclaimed the immutability of boundaries, all future wars, purely defensive ;  all new aggrandizement, anti-national.  I would have associated my son with the empire ;  my dictatorship would have terminated, and his constitutional reign commenced. ...

“Paris would have been the capital of the world, and the French the envy of nations ! ...

“My leisure and my old age would have been consecrated, in company with the Empress, and, during the royal apprenticeship of my son, in visiting, with my own horses, like a plain country couple, every corner of the empire ;  in receiving complaints, in redressing wrongs in founding monuments, and in doing good every where and by every means ! ... These also, my dear Las Cases, were among my dreams !!!”

The Emperor conversed a great deal about the interior of Russia, of the prosperity of which, he said, we had no idea.  He dwelt, at great length, upon Moscow, which had, under every point of view, much surprized him, and might bear a comparison with all the capitals of Europe, the greater number of which it surpassed.  Here unfortunately I can find but bare outlines in my notes, which it is impossible for me, at present, to fill up.

He was particularly struck with the gilded spires of Moscow, and it was that which induced him, on his return, to have the dome of the Invalids regilded ;  he intended to embellish many other edifices at Paris in the same manner.

N.B.—As, the city of Moscow seems to have been so different from the idea, which we have generally entertained of it in our Western world, I am inclined to think, that a description of it in this place, supplied by an eye-witness, a distinguished person, attached to the expedition, will not prove disagreeable.  It is by Baron Larrey, principal surgeon to the grand army.  I take it from a work of that celebrated character, (les Mémoires de la Chirurgie Militaire) in no great circulation, on account, perhaps, of its peculiarly scientific nature.

The relation begins at the moment when the French army was setting out on its march from Moscow, after the battle of Mozaisk or of Moskowa.

“We were hardly a few miles off from Mozaisk, when we were all surprised at finding ourselves, notwithstanding the vicinity of the spot to one of the greatest capitals of the world, on a sandy, arid, and completely desert plain.  The mournful aspect of that solitude, which discouraged the soldiers, seemed an omen of the entire abandonment of Moscow, and of the misfortunes which awaited us in that city, from the opulence of which we had promised ourselves such advantages.

“The army marched, with difficulty, over that tract.  The horses were harassed, and exhausted with hunger and thirst, for water was as rare as forage.  The men had also a great deal to suffer.  They were, in fact, overwhelmed with fatigue, and in want of all subsistence.  The troops had not, for a long time, received any rations, and the small quantity of provisions found at Mozaisk, was only sufficient for the young and old guard.  A considerable number of the former corps fell victims to their abuse of Chenaps (the brandy of the country).  They were observed to quit their comrades a few paces, to totter, whirl round, and afterwards fall on their knees or sit down involuntarily ;  they remained immoveable in that attitude, and expired shortly afterwards, without uttering a single complaint.  These young men were predisposed to the pernicious effects of that liquor by languor, privations, and excessive fatigue.

“We arrived, however, on the evening of the 14th of September, in one of the fauxbourgs of Moscow ;  we there learnt, that the Russian army had, in its passage through the city, carried off all the citizens and public functionaries, some of the low classes and some servants alone were left ;  so that in going through the principal streets of that great city, which we entered the following morning, we scarcely met any one ;  all the houses were completely abandoned.  But what very much surprised us, was to see the fire break out in several remote quarters, where none of our troops had yet been, and particularly in the bazaar of the Kremlin, an immense building, with porticoes which have some resemblance to those of the Palais Royal at Paris.

“After what we had witnessed on our passage through little Russia, we were astonished at the vastness of Moscow, at the great number of churches and palaces which it contained, at the beautiful architecture of those edifices, at the commodious disposition of the principal houses, and all the objects of luxury which were found in the greater part of them.  The streets in general were spacious, regular, and well laid out.  Nothing had the appearance of discordance throughout that city.  Every thing announced its wealth, and the immense trade it carried on in the productions of the four quarters of the world.

“The variety displayed in the construction of the palaces, houses, and churches, was an infinite addition to the beauty of the city.  There were places, which, by the peculiar kind of architecture of the different edifices, indicated the nations that generally inhabited them ;  thus, the residence of the Franks, Chinese, Indians, and Germans, was easily distinguished.  The Kremlin might be considered the citadel of Moscow ;  it is in the centre of the town, situated on an eminence sufficiently elevated, surrounded by a wall with bastions, and flanked, at regular distances, by towers, mounted with cannon.  The bazar, which has been already noticed, usually filled with the merchandize of India and valuable furs, had become the prey of the flames, and the only articles preserved were those which had been laid up in the vaults, where the soldiers penetrated, after the fire that consumed the whole of the exterior of that beautiful edifice.  The palace of the Emperors, that of the senate, the archives, the arsenal, and two very ancient temples, occupy the rest of the Kremlin.  These different monuments of a rich species of architecture, form a magnificent appearance about the parade.  One might imagine one’s self transported to the public place of ancient Athens, where the Areopagus and the temple of Minerva on one side, and the academy and the arsenal on the other, were the objects of admiration.  A cylindrical tower presents itself between the two temples, in the shape of a column, known by the name of Yvan’s tower ;  it is rather an Egyptian minaret, within which several bells of different sizes, are hung.  At the bottom of this tower, one is seen of a prodigious magnitude, which has been noticed by all the historians.  The whole of the city and its environs are seen from the top of the towers, they present themselves to the eye in the form of a star, with four forked branches.  The city assumes a most picturesque appearance from the variegated colours of the roofs of the houses, and from the gold and silver expended on the domes and tops of the belfries, of which there is a considerable number.  Nothing can equal the richness of one of the temples or churches of the Kremlin (it was the sepulchre of the Emperors);  its walls are covered with plates of vermilion, five or six lines thick, on which the history of the Old and New Testaments is represented in relievo ;  the lustres and candelabras of massy silver, were particularly remarkable for their extraordinary proportions.

“The hospitals to which my attention was peculiarly directed, are worthy of the most civilized nation in the world ;  I class them as military and civil.  The grand military hospital is divided into three parts, forming altogether a parallelogram.  The principal part was constructed on the side of a great road, opposite to an immense barrack, which may be compared to the military school at Paris.  Two lateral buildings, by cutting it at right angles, inclose the court, which communicates with a fine and extensive garden appropriated to the use of the sick.  The front of this building, which is two stories high, consists of a portico, with columns of the composite order.  At the entrance, is a spacious lobby, where the doors of the wards on the ground-floor correspond with each other, and a large and magnificent stair-case leads to the upper stories.  The wards occupy the entire length of the building, and the windows on each side reach from the ceiling to the floor ;  they are made with double sashes, as is customary throughout Russia, and are completely closed in winter ;  stoves are placed in the inside at suitable distances.  The wards contain four rows of beds of the same kind, separated by the requisite space for wholesomeness ;  each row consists of fifty beds, and the total number may be estimated at more than three thousand ;  the hospital contains fourteen principal wards of very nearly the same extent.  The offices, pharmacy, kitchen, and other establishments, are very commodiously situated in separate places at a convenient distance from the wards.

“The civil hospitals are equally entitled to notice.  The four principal are those of Cheremetow, Galitzin, Alexander, and the Foundlings.

“The first, remarkable for its shape, its structure, and its internal arrangements, was used to receive the sick and wounded belonging to the guard.

“The hospital which is three stories high, is built in the form of a crescent ;  the requisite offices are situated in the rear.  A beautiful portico, projecting from the centre of the half-moon, forms the entrance of a chapel in the middle of the edifice ;  the chapel surmounted with a dome, is the central point of all the wards, and contains the mausoleum of the prince who founded the hospital ;  it is ornamented with columns in stucco, with statues and beautiful pictures.  The pharmacy is one of the finest and best supplied I know.

“The Foundling hospital situated on the banks of the Moscowa, and protected by the cannon of the Kremlin, is indisputably the largest and noblest establishment of the kind in Europe.  It consists of two divisions of buildings ;  the first, where the entrance is placed, is appropriated to the residence of the governor, who is selected from the old generals of the army, of the board of management, of the medical officers, and of all those employed in the service of the hospital.  The second forms a perfect square.  In the centre of the court, which is very spacious, is a reservoir, that supplies the whole of the establishment with water from the river.  Each of the sides is composed of four great floors, round which is a regular corridor, not very broad, yet sufficiently spacious for the admission of air, and the accommodation of the individuals who pass through it.  The wards occupy the remainder of the breadth, and the whole extent of each wing of the building.  There are two rows of beds with curtains in each ward, their size corresponds with that of the children ;  the boys are kept separate from the girls, and the greatest cleanliness and regularity are observed.

“We had scarcely taken possession of the town, and succeeded in extinguishing the fire, kindled by the Russians in the most beautiful quarters, when in consequence of two principal causes, the flames again broke out in the most violent manner, spread rapidly from one street to another, and involved the whole place in one common ruin.  The first of these causes is justly reported to have been the desperate resolution of a certain class of Russians, who were said to have been confined in the prisons, the doors of which were thrown open on the departure of the army ;  these wretches, whether incited by superior authority, or by their own feelings, with the view, no doubt, of plunder, openly ran from palace to palace, and from house to house, setting fire to every thing that fell in their way.  The French patroles, although numerous and on the alert, were unable to prevent them.  I saw several of those miscreants taken in the act ;  lighted matches and combustibles were found in their possession.  The pain of death inflicted upon those caught in the actual commission of the atrocity, made no impression on the others, and the fire raged three days and three nights without interruption ;  the houses were pulled down in vain by our soldiers, the flames quickly spread themselves over the vacant space, and the buildings thus insulated were set on fire in the twinkling of an eye.  The second cause must be attributed to the violence of the equinoctial winds which are always very powerful in those parts, and by means of which the conflagration increased and extended its ravages with extraordinary activity.

“It would be difficult, under any circumstances, to imagine a picture more horrible than that with which our eves were afflicted.  It was more particularly during the night between the 18th and 19th of September, the period when the fire was at the highest pitch, that its consequences presented a terrific spectacle ;  the weather was fine and dry, the wind continuing to blow from East to North, or from North to East.  During that night, the dreadful image of which will never be effaced from my recollection, the whole of the city was on fire.  Large columns of flames of various colours shot up from every quarter, entirely covered the horizon, and diffused a glaring light and a scorching heat at a considerable distance.  These masses of fire, driven on by the violence of the winds, were accompanied in their rise and rapid movement by a dreadful whizzing and by thundering explosions, the result of the combustion of gunpowder, saltpetre, oil, resin, and brandy, with which the greater part of the houses and shops had been filled.  The varnished iron plates which covered the buildings, were torn off by the effect of the heat, and carried to a great distance ;  very large pieces of beams and rafters made of fir, seized by the flames, were thrown an immense way off, and contributed to extend the conflagration to houses which were considered the least exposed, on account of the distance.  Every one was struck with terror and consternation.  The guard, with the head quarters and the staff of the army, was transferred from the Kremlin and the town, and a camp was established at Petrowski, a castle belonging to Peter the Great, on the road to Petersburg.  I remained with a very small number of my comrades, in a house built of stone, which stood alone, and was situated on the top of the quarter of the Franks close to the Kremlin.  I was there enabled to observe all the phenomena of that tremendous conflagration.  We had sent our equipage to the camp, and kept ourselves constantly on the look out, to be prepared for or to prevent danger.

The lower classes, who had remained at Moscow, driven from house to house by the fire, ejaculated the most lamentable cries ;  extremely anxious to preserve what was most valuable to them, they loaded themselves with packages, which they could hardly sustain, and which they frequently abandoned to escape from the flames.  The women, impelled by a very natural feeling of humanity, carried one or two children on their shoulders, and dragged the others along by the hand, and in order to avoid the death which threatened them on every side, they ran, with their petticoats tucked up, to take shelter in the corners of the streets and squares ;  but they were soon compelled, by the intenseness of the heat, to abandon those spots and to fly with precipitation every way that was open to them, sometimes without being able to extricate themselves from that kind of labyrinth in which many of them experienced a miserable end.  I saw old men, whose long beards had been caught by the flames, drawn on small carts by their own children, who endeavoured to rescue them from that real Tartarus.

“As for our soldiers, tormented with hunger and thirst, they exposed themselves to every danger to obtain in the cellars and shops which were on fire, eatables, wines, liquors, or any other article more or less useful.  They were seen running through the streets, pell-mell, with the broken-hearted inhabitants, carrying away every thing they could snatch from the ravages of this dreadful conflagration.  At length, in the course of eight or ten days, this immense and superb city was reduced to ashes, with the exception of the Kremlin palace, some large houses, and all the churches :  these edifices are built of stone.

“This calamity threw the army into great consternation, and was a presage to us of more serious misfortunes.  We all thought that we should no longer find either subsistence, cloth, or any other necessary for equipping the troops, and of which we were in the most pressing want.  Could a more dismal idea suggest itself to our imagination ?  The head quarters were, however, after the fire, again established at the Kremlin, and the guard sent to some houses of the Franks quarter, which had been preserved.  Every one resumed the exercise of his duties.

“Magazines of flour, meal, salt fish, oil, wine and liquors, were discovered by dint of perseverance.  Some were served out to the troops, but there was too great a wish to spare or hoard up these articles, and that excess of precaution, which is sometimes a mere pretext, induced us to burn or leave behind us, in the end, provision of every kind, from which we might have derived the greatest advantages, and which would have even been sufficient for the wants of the army for more than six months, had we remained at Moscow.  The same conduct was pursued with regard to the stuffs and furs, which ought to have been immediately worked up for the purpose of supplying our troops with all the clothing capable of preserving them, as much as possible, from the inclemency of the cold that was at hand.  The soldiers, who never think of the future, far from obviating, on their part and for their own interests, that defect of precaution, were solely engaged in collecting the wines, the liquors, and all the gold and silver articles they could find, and despised every other consideration.

“This unexpected abundance, which was owing to the indefatigable researches of the troops, was attended with a bad effect on their discipline and on the health of those who were intemperate.  That motive alone ought to have made us hasten our departure for Poland.  Moscow became a new Capua to our army.  The enemy’s generals flattered ours with the hopes of peace ;  the preliminaries were to be signed from day to day.  Clouds of cossacks, however, covered our cantonments and carried off every day a great number of our foragers.  General Kutusoff was collecting the wreck of his army and strengthening himself with the recruits, that joined him from all parts.  Imperceptibly and under various pretences of pacification, his advanced posts drew near to ours.  Finally, the period of negociation had arrived, and it was at the moment in which the French ambassador was to obtain a first decision, that Prince Joachim’s corps d’armée was surrounded.  It was with difficulty that our general, the ambassador, surmounted the obstacles which were opposed to his return to Moscow.  Several parties of our troops and some pieces of cannon had been already carried off.  The different corps of this advanced guard, which were at first dispersed, were, notwithstanding, rallied, broke the Russian column that hemmed them in, took up a favourable position and charged successively the enemy’s numerous cavalry, which they repulsed with vigour, retaking part of the artillery and some of the soldiers made prisoners in the first onset.  At length the arrival of General Lauriston and of the wounded, was to us, at head quarters, a confirmation, that hostilities would be resumed.  Orders were immediately given for the sudden departure of the army ;  the drum beat to arms, and all the corps prepared to execute that precipitate movement.  Some provisions were hastily collected and the march commenced on the 19th of October.”

On the Coronation, &c.—Decrees of Berlin and Milan.—The Grand Cause of the Hatred of the English.

25th.—The weather has become fine in every respect.  The Emperor breakfasted in the tent and sent for us all.  The conversation turned upon the ceremonies of the coronation.  He asked for information from one of us, who had been present, but was unable to satisfy him.  He made the same inquiries of another, but the latter had not seen it ?  “Where were you then at that time ?” asked the Emperor—“at Paris, Sire”  “How then ! you did not see the coronation !”— “no, Sire.”

The Emperor then casting a side glance at him, and taking him by the ear, said ;  “Were you so absurd as to carry your aristocracy to that point ?” — “But Sire, my hour was not come”  But at least you saw the retinue ?” — “Ah !  Sire, had my curiosity prevailed, I should have hastened to witness what was most worthy and most interesting to be seen.  I had, however, a ticket of admission, and I preferred presenting it to the English lady, whom I lately mentioned to your Majesty, and who, by way of parenthesis, caught a cold there, that nearly killed her.  For my own part I remained quietly at home”  “Ah, that is too much for me to put up with,” said the Emperor, “the villainous aristocrat !  How !  And you were really guilty of such an absurdity ?”  “Alas !  I was,” replied the accused, “and yet here I am near you, and at Saint Helena”  The Emperor smiled, and let go the ear.

After breakfast, a captain of the English artillery, who had been six years at the Isle of France, called upon me.  He was to sail for Europe the next day.  He entreated me in a thousand ways to procure him the happiness of seeing the Emperor.  He would, he said, give all he had in the world for such a favour ;  his gratitude would be boundless, &c.

We conversed together for a long time ;  the Emperor was taking his round in the calash.  On his return, I was happy enough to realize the English officer’s wishes.  The Emperor received him for upwards of a quarter of an hour ;  his joy was extreme, as he was aware that the favour became every day more rare.  Every thing about the Emperor had struck him, he declared, in a most extraordinary manner ;  his features, his affability, the sound of his voice, his expressions, the questions he had asked ;  he was, he exclaimed, a hero, a god ! .....

The weather was delightful.  The Emperor continued to walk in the garden in the midst of us.  He entered into the consideration of the failure of a negociation, undertaken by one of us ;  a business which the Emperor had judged very easy, but which turned out to be of the most delicate nature for the person entrusted with it.  The object of it was to prevail upon some English officers to publish a certain paper in England.

The Emperor expressed his disapprobation of the failure in his usual mode of reasoning, and with the intelligence and point that are familiar to him ;  he was, however, very much disappointed at it ;  his observations were rather strong ;  he pushed them to a degree of ill humour, of which the person he found fault with, had never, perhaps, before, received any proofs.  At length, he concluded with saying ;  “After all, Sir, would you not have accepted yourself, what you proposed to others, had you been in their place ?”  “No, Sire.” — “Why not ?  Well then,” he added, in a tone of reproof, “you should not be my minister of police”  “And your Majesty would be in the right,” quickly replied the other, who felt himself vexed in his turn ;  “I feel no inclination whatever for such an office”  The Emperor seeing him enter the saloon, a little before dinner, said ;  “Ah ! there is our little officer of police !  Come, approach, my little officer of police;” and be pinched his ear.  Although hours had passed since the warm conversation took place, the Emperor recollected it ;  he knew the person, who, had been the object of it was full of sensibility, and it was evident, that he wished to efface the impression it had made upon him.  These are characteristic shades, and those which arise from the most trifling causes, are the most natural and the most marked.

After dinner, the Emperor was induced, by the turn which the conversation took, to review the special subject of his maritime dispute with England.

“ Her pretensions to blockade on paper,” he observed, “produced my famous Berlin decree.  The British council, in a fit of passion, issued its orders ;  it established a right of toll on the seas.  I instantly replied by the celebrated Milan decrees, which denationalized every flag that yielded obedience to the English acts ;  and it was then that the war became, in England, truly personal.  Every one connected with trade was enraged against me.  England was exasperated at a struggle and energy, of which she had no example.  She had uniformly found those, who had preceded me, more complaisant.”

The Emperor explained, on a later occasion, the means, by which he had forced the Americans to make war against the English.  He had, he said, discovered the way of connecting their interests with their rights ;  for people, he remarked, fight much more readily for the former than for the latter.

At present, the Emperor was in expectation, he said, of some approaching attempt on the part of the English, on the sovereignty of the seas, for the establishment of the right of universal toll, &c. &c.  “It is,” said he, “one of the principal resources left them for discharging their debts, for extricating themselves from the abyss into which they are plunged ;  in a word, of getting rid of their embarassments.  If they have among them an enterprizing genius, a man of a strong intellect, they will certainly undertake something of that kind.  Nobody is powerful enough to oppose it and they set up their claim with a species of justice.  They may plead in its justification, that it was for the safety of Europe they involved themselves in difficulties ;  that they succeeded, and that they are entitled to some compensation.  And then, the only ships of war in Europe are theirs.  They reign, in fact, at present, over the seas.  There is an end to the existence of public rights, when the balance is broken, &c. &c.

“ The English may now be omnipotent, if they will but confine themselves to their navy.  But they will endanger their superiority, complicate their affairs, and insensibly lose their importance, if they persevere in keeping soldiers on the continent.”

Account of the Campaign of Waterloo dictated by Napoleon.

26th.—The Emperor went out early in the morning, even before seven o’clock ;  he did not wish to disturb any of us.  He was occupied with his work in the garden and in the tent, where he sent for us all to breakfast with him.  He continued there until two o’clock.

At dinner he conversed a great deal about our situation in the island.  He would not, he said, leave Longwood ;  he did not care for any visitors ;  but he was desirous we should take some diversion, and find out some means of amusement.  It would, he said, be a pleasure to him to see us more lively in our motions and indulge more freely in our enjoyments, &c.

The relation of the battle of Waterloo, which the Emperor had dictated to General Gourgaud, was read by his desire.  What pages !  They are sickening. ... The destinies of France suspended by so slight a thread !!! ...

This production was published in Europe in 1820.  The measures contrived to transmit it clandestinely from Saint Helena proved successful, in spite of every kind of vigilance.  The instant, this relation of Waterloo appeared in the world, nobody was deceived with regard to its author.  An exclamation burst from every quarter, that Napoleon alone was capable of describing in that manner, and it is confidently stated, that his antagonist expressed himself precisely in that way.  What noble chapters !  It would be impossible to attempt an analysis of them, or to pretend to convey their excellence in terms adequate to their merits.  We literally transcribe, however, in this place, the last pages, containing, in the shape of a summary, nine observations of Napoleon, on the faults, with which he has been reproached in that campaign.

They are points, which will possess classical duration, and we have been of opinion, that our readers would not be displeased at again finding here objects, which become, every time the occasion presents itself, the subject of earnest and important discussions.

We shall preface these observations with a description, also of Napoleon’s dictation, of the resources which France still possessed after the loss of the battle.

“ The situation of France was critical, but not desperate, after the battle of Waterloo.  Every preparatory measure had been taken, on the supposition of the failure of the attack upon Belgium.  70,000 men were rallied on the 27th, between Paris and Laon ;  from 25 to 30,000, including the depots of the guard, were on their march from Paris and the depots ;  General Rapp, with 35,000 men, chosen troops, was expected on the Marne, in the beginning of July ;  all the losses sustained in the materiel of the artillery had been repaired.  Paris, alone, contained 500 pieces of field artillery, and only 170 had been lost.  Thus an army of 120,000 men, equal to that which had passed the Sombre on the 15th, with a train of artillery, consisting of 350 pieces of cannon, would cover Paris by the 1st of July.  That capital possessed, independently of these means, for its defence, 36,000 men of the national guard, 30,000 marksmen, 6000 cannoniers, 600 battering cannon, formidable entrenchments on the right bank of the Seine, and, in a few days, those of the left bank would have been entirely completed.  The Anglo-Dutch and Prusso-Saxon armies weakened, however, by the loss of 50,000 men, and no longer exceeding 140,000, could not cross the Somme with more than 90,000 men ;  they would have to wait, there for the co-operation of the Austrian and Russian armies, which could not be on the Marne before the 15th of July.  Paris had, consequently, five-and-twenty days to prepare for its defence, to complete the arming of its inhabitants, its fortifications, its supplies of provisions, and to draw troops from every point of France.  Even by the 15th of July, not more than 30 or 40,000 men could have arrived on the Rhine.  The mass of the Russian and Austrian armies could not take the field before a later period.  Neither arms, nor ammunition, nor officers were wanting in the capital ;  the number of men carrying musquets might be easily augmented to 80,000, and the field artillery could be increased to 600 pieces.

“ Marshal Suchet, in conjunction with General Lécourbe, would have had, at the same time, upwards of 30,000 men, before Lyons, independently of the garrison of that city, which would have been well armed, well supplied with provisions, and well protected by entrenchments.  The defence of all the strong places was secured ;  they were commanded by chosen officers, and garrisoned by faithful troops.  Every thing might be repaired, but decision, energy, and firmness, on the part of the officers, of the government, of the chambers, and of the whole nation, were necessary !!!  It was requisite, that she should be animated by the sentiment of honour, of glory, of national independence ;  that she should fix her eyes upon Rome, after the battle of Cannæ, and not upon Carthage, after that of Zama !!!  If France had elevated herself to that height, she would have been invincible.  Her people contained more of the military elements than any other people in the world.  The materiel of war existed in abundance, and was adequate to every want.

“ On the 21st of June, Marshal Blucher and the Duke of Wellington entered the French territory at the head of two columns.  On the 22d, the powder magazine took fire at Avesne, and the place surrendered.  On the 24th, the Prussians entered Guise, and the Duke of Wellington was at Cambray.  He was at Peronne on the 26th.  During the whole of this time, the places on the first, second, and third line of Flanders were invested.  The two generals learned, however, on the 25th, the Emperor’s abdication, which had taken place the 22d, the insurrection of the chambers, the discouragement occasioned by these circumstances in the army, and the hopes excited among our internal enemies.  From that moment, they thought only of marching upon the capital, under the walls of which they arrived at the latter end of June, with less than 90,000 men ;  an enterprize that would have proved fatal to them, and drawn on their total ruin, had they hazarded it in the presence of Napoleon ;  but that Prince had abdicated !!!  The troops of the line at Paris, consisting of more than 6000 men of the depots of the guard, the fusiliers of the national guard, chosen from among the people of that great capital, were devoted to him ;  they had it in their power to exterminate the domestic enemy !!!  But in order to explain the motives which regulated his conduct, in that important crisis, which was attended with such fatal results, both for him and for France, the relation must be resumed from an earlier period.

First Observation.— “ The Emperor has been reproached, 1st, With having resigned the dictatorship, at the moment, when France stood most in need of a dictator ;  2d, With having altered the constitutions of the empire, at a moment, when it was necessary to think only of preserving it from invasion ;  3d, With having permitted the Vendeans to be alarmed, who had, at first, refused to take arms against the imperial government ;  4th, With having assembled the chambers, when he ought to have assembled the army ;  5th, With having abdicated and left France at the mercy of a divided and inexperienced assembly ;  for, in fine, if it be true, that it was impossible for the Prince to save the country without the confidence of the nation, it is not less true, that the nation could not, in these critical circumstances, preserve either its happiness or its independence without Napoleon.

“ We shall make no reflections on subjects which have been minutely canvassed, and treated of at length, in the tenth book.

Second Observation.— “ The art, with which the movements of the different bodies of the army were concealed from the enemy’s knowledge, on the opening of the campaign, cannot be too attentively remarked.  Marshal Blucher and the Duke of Wellington were surprized ;  they saw nothing, knew nothing, of the operations which were carrying on near their advanced posts.

“ In order to attack the two hostile armies, the French might have out-flanked their right or left, or penetrated their centre.  In the first case, they might have advanced by the way of Lisle, and fallen in with the Anglo-Dutch army ;  in the second, they might have moved forward by Givet and Charlemont, and have fallen in with the Prusso-Saxon army.  These two armies would have remained united, since they must have been pressed the one upon the other, from the right to the left, and from the left to the right.  The Emperor adopted the plan of covering his movements with the Sambre, and piercing the line of the two armies at Charleroi, their point of junction, executing his manoeuvres with rapidity and skill.  He thus discovered in the secrets of the art means to supply the place of 100,000 men, of whom he stood in need.  The plan was executed with boldness and prudence.

Third Observation.—“ The character of several generals had been affected by the events of 1814 ;  they had lost somewhat of that spirit, of that resolution, and that confidence, by which they had gained so much glory, and so much contributed to the success of former campaigns.

“ 1st,—On the 15th of June, the third corps was to march at three o’clock in the morning, and arrive at Charleroi at ten ;  it did not arrive until three o’clock in the afternoon.

“ 2dly,—The same day the attack on the woods in front of Fleurus, which had been ordered at four in the afternoon, did not take place until seven.  Night came on before the troops could enter Fleurus, where the commander in chief had intended to establish his head quarters the same day.  The loss of seven hours was very vexatious on the opening of a campaign.

“ 3dly,—Ney received orders to advance on the 16th with 43,000 men, who composed the left under his command, in front of Quatre-Bras, to take up a position there at the break of day, and even to entrench himself ;  he hesitated, and lost eight hours.  The Prince of Orange, with only 9000 men, retained, on the 16th until three o’clock in the afternoon, that important position.  When at length, the Marshal received at twelve o’clock at noon the order dated from Fleurus, and saw, that the Emperor was on the point of attacking the Prussians, he advanced against Quatre-Bras, but only with half his force, leaving the other half to cover his retreat at the distance of two leagues in the rear ;  he forgot it until six in the evening, when he felt the want of it for his own defence.  In the other campaigns, that General would have made himself master of the position in front of Quatre-Bras at six o’clock in the morning ;  he would have routed and captured the whole of the Belgic division, and either turned the Prussian army by sending a detachment by the road of Namur to fall on the rear of their line of battle, or by the rapidity of his movements on the road of Gennapes, he would have surprized and destroyed the Brunswick division on its march, and the fifth English division as it advanced from Brussels.  He would have afterwards marched to meet the third and fourth English divisions, which were advancing by the way of Nivelles, and were both destitute of cavalry and artillery, and overwhelmed with fatigue.  Ney, who was always first in the heat of battle, forgot the troops that were not directly engaged.  The courage which a commander in chief should display is different from that of a general of division, as that of the latter is marked by a distinct shade from the bravery of a captain of grenadiers.

“ 4thly,—The advanced guard of the French army did not arrive on the 16th, in front of Waterloo, until six o’clock in the evening ;  it would have arrived at three but for some vexatious hesitations.  The Emperor was very much mortified at the delay, and, pointing at the sun, exclaimed, “what would I not now give to have the power of Joshua, and stop its movement for two hours !”

Fourth Observation.—“ The French soldier never displayed more bravery, cheerfulness, and enthusiasm ;  he was animated with the sentiment of his superiority over all the soldiers of Europe.  His confidence in the Emperor was altogether unabated, it had, perhaps, increased ;  but he was suspicious and distrustful of his other commanders.  The treasons of 1814 were always in his thoughts, and he was uneasy at every movement, which he did not understand ;  he thought he was betrayed.  At the moment, when the first cannon shots were firing near Saint Amand, an old corporal approached the Emperor and said ;  “Sire, beware of General Soult ;  be assured that he is a traitor.” — “Fear nothing,” replied the Emperor, “ I can answer for him as for myself”  In the middle of the battle, an officer informed Marshal Soult, that General Vandamme had gone over to the enemy, and that his soldiers demanded with loud cries, that the Emperor should be made acquainted with it.  At the close of the battle, a dragoon, with his sabre covered with blood, galloped up to him crying, “Sire, come instantly to the division, General Dhénin is haranguing the dragoons to go over to the enemy”  “Did you hear him ?”  “No, Sire, but an officer, who is looking for you, saw him and ordered me to tell your Majesty”  During this time, the gallant General Dhénin, received a cannon shot which carried off one of his thighs, after he had repulsed the enemy’s charge.

“ On the 14th in the evening, Lieutenant-General B.... , Colonel C...., and V........ an officer of the staff, deserted and went over to the enemy.  Their names will be held in execration as long as the French people shall constitute a nation.  The uneasy feelings of the troops had been considerably aggravated by that desertion.  It appears nearly certain, that the cry of sauve qui peut was raised among the soldiers of the fourth division of the first corps the evening of the battle of Waterloo, when Marshal Blucher attacked the village of La Haye.  That village was not defended as it ought to have been.  It is equally probable, that several officers, charged with the communication of orders, disappeared.  But if some officers deserted, not a single private was guilty of that crime.  Several killed themselves on the field of battle where they lay wounded, when they learned the defeat of the army.

Fifth Observation.— “ In the battle of the 17th, the French army was divided into three bodies ;  69,000 men under the Emperor’s command, marched against Brussels by the way of Charleroi ;  34,000, under the command of Marshal Grouchy, directed their operations against that capital by the way of Wavres, in pursuit of the Prussians ;  7 or 8000 men remained on the field of battle at Ligny, of whom 3000 belonging to Girard’s division were employed in assisting the wounded, and in forming a reserve for any unexpected casualty at Quatre-Bras, and 4 or 5000 continued with the forces of reserve at Fleurus and at Charleroi.  The 34,000 men under the command of Marshal Grouchy, with 108 pieces of cannon ;  were sufficient to drive the Prussian rearguard from any position it might take up to press upon the retreat of the conquered army, and to keep it in check.  It was a glorious result of the victory of Ligny, to be thus enabled to oppose 34,000 men to an army, which had consisted of 120,000.  The 69,000 men, under the Emperor’s command were sufficient to beat the Anglo-Dutch army, composed of 90,000.  The disproportion, which existed on the 15th between the two belligerent masses in the relation of one to two, was materially changed, and it no longer exceeded three to four.  Had the Anglo-Dutch army defeated the 69,000 men opposed to it, Napoleon might have been reproached with having ill-calculated his measures ;  but it is undeniable, even from the enemy’s admission, that unless General Blucher had arrived, the Anglo-Dutch army would have been driven from the field of battle between eight and nine o’clock at night.  If Marshal Blucher had not arrived at eight with his first and second corps, the march on Brussels, with two columns, during the battle of the 17th, would have been attended with several advantages.  The left would have pressed upon and kept in check the Anglo-Dutch army ;  the right, under the command of Marshal Grouchy, would have pursued and restrained the operations of the Prusso-Saxon army ;  and in the evening, the whole of the French army would have effected its junction on a line of less than five leagues from Mont Saint Jean to Wavres, with its advanced posts on the edge of the forest.  But the fault committed by Marshal Grouchy, in stopping on the 17th, at Gembloux, having marched scarcely two leagues in the course of the day, instead of pushing on three leagues more in front of Wavres, was aggravated and rendered irreparable by that which he committed the following day, the 18th, in losing twelve hours, and arriving at four o’clock in the afternoon in front of Wavres, when he should have been there at six in the morning.

“ 1st,—Grouchy, charged with the pursuit of Marshal Blucher, lost sight of him for twenty-four hours, from four o’clock in the afternoon of the 17th, until a quarter past twelve at noon on the 18th.

“ 2dly,—The movement of the cavalry on the plain, while General Bulow’s attack was not yet repulsed, proved a distressing accident.  It was the intention of the Commander in chief to order that movement, but not until an hour later, and then it was to have been sustained by the sixteen battalions of infantry belonging to the guard, with one hundred pieces of cannon.

“ 3dly,—The horse grenadiers and the dragoons of the guard, under the command of General Guyot, engaged without orders.  Thus at five in the afternoon, the army found itself without a reserve of cavalry.  If at half past eight, that reserve had been in existence, the storm which swept all before it on the field of battle would have been dispersed, the enemy’s charges of cavalry driven back, and the two armies would have slept on the field, notwithstanding the successive arrivals of General Bulow and Marshal Blucher ;  the advantage would also have been in favour of the French army, as Marshal Grouchy’s 34,000 men, with 108 pieces of cannon, were fresh troops bivouacked on the field of battle.  The enemy’s two armies would have placed themselves in the night under cover of the forest of Soignes.  The constant practice in every battle was for the horse grenadiers and the dragoons of the guard never to lose sight of the Emperor, and never to make a charge but in consequence of an order verbally given by that Prince to the General, who commanded them.

“ Marshal Mortier, who was Commander in chief of the guards, gave up the command on the 15th, at Beaumont, just as hostilities were on the point of commencing, and no one was appointed in his stead, which was attended with several inconvenient results.

Sixth Observation.—“ 1st, The French army manoeuvred on the right of the Sambre, on the 13th and 14th.  It encamped, the night between the 14th and 15th, within half a league of the Prussian advanced posts ;  and yet Marshal Blucher had no knowledge of it, and when on the morning of the 15th, he learned at his head-quarters at Namur, that the Emperor had entered Charleroi, the Prusso-Saxon army was still cantoned over an extent of thirty leagues ;  two days were necessary for him to effect the junction of his troops.  It was his duty, from the 15th of May, to advance his head quarters to Fleurus, to concentrate the cantonments of his army within a radius of eight leagues with his advanced posts on the Meuse and Sambre.  His army might then have been assembled at Ligny on the 15th at noon, to await in that position the attack of the French army, or to march against it in the evening of the 15th, for the purpose of driving it into the Sambre.

“ 2dly,—Yet, notwithstanding this surprise of Marshal Blucher, he persisted in the project of collecting his troops on the heights of Ligny, behind Fleurus, exposing himself to the hazard of being attacked before the arrival of his army.  On the morning of the 16th he had collected but two corps d’armée, and the French army was already at Fleurus.  The third corps joined in the course of the day, but the fourth, commanded by General Bulow, was unable to present itself in time for the battle.  Marshal Blucher, the instant he learned the arrival of the French at Charleroi, that is to say, on the evening of the 15th, ought to have assigned as a point of junction for his troops, neither Fleurus nor Ligny, which were under the enemy’s cannon, but Wavres, which the French could not have reached until the 17th.  He would have also had the whole of the 16th, and the night between the 16th and 17th, to effect the total junction of his army.

“ 3dly,—After having lost the battle of Ligny, the Prussian General instead of making his retreat on Wavres, ought to have effected it upon the army of the Duke of Wellington, whether at Quatre-Bras where the latter had maintained himself, or at Waterloo.  The whole of Marshal Blucher’s retreat on the morning of the 17th, was contrary to common sense, since the two armies, which were, on the evening of the 16th, little more than three miles from each other, and had a fine road for their point of communication, in consequence of which their junction might have been considered as effected, found themselves, on the evening of the 17th separated by a distance of nearly twelve miles, and intercepted by defiles and impassable ways.

“ The Prussian General was guilty of a breach of the three grand rules of war ;  1st, To maintain his cantonments near each other ;  2dly, To assign a point of junction where his troops can all assemble before those of the enemy ;  3dly, To operate his retreat upon his reinforcements.

Seventh Observation.—“ 1st, The Duke of Wellington was surprised in his cantonments ;  he ought to have concentrated them the 15th of May, at eight leagues about Brussels, and maintained advanced guards on the roads opening from Flanders.  The French army was for three days manoeuvring close upon his advanced posts ;  it had commenced hostilities four and twenty hours ;  its head quarters had been twelve hours at Charleroi, and yet the English General was at Brussels, ignorant of what was passing, and all the cantonments of his army were still in full security, extended over a space of more than twenty leagues.

“ 2dly,—The Prince of Saxe-Weimar, who belonged to the Anglo-Dutch army, was on the 16th, at four o’clock in the afternoon, in position before Frasne, and knew that the French army was at Charleroi.  If he had immediately despatched an aide-de-camp to Brussels, he would have arrived there at six in the evening ;  and yet the Duke of Wellington was not informed, that the French army was at Charleroi until eleven at night.  He thus lost five hours in a crisis, and against a man, which rendered the loss of a single hour highly important.

“ 3dly,—The infantry, cavalry, and artillery of that army, were in cantonments so remote from each other, that the infantry was engaged at Waterloo without cavalry or artillery, which exposed it to considerable loss, since it was obliged to form in close columns to make head against the charges of the cuirassiers, under the fire of fifty pieces of cannon.  These brave men were slaughtered without cavalry to protect, or artillery to avenge them.  As the three branches of an army cannot, for an instant, dispense with each other’s assistance, they should be always cantoned and placed in a way to be of mutual service to each other.

“ 4thly,—The English General, although surprized, assigned Quatre-Bras, which had been, for the last four and twenty hours in possession of the French, as the rallying point of his army.  He exposed his troops to partial defeats as they gradually arrived ;  the danger which they incurred, was still more considerable since they presented themselves, without artillery and without cavalry ;  he delivered up his infantry to his enemy piece-meal, and destitute of the assistance of the two other branches.  He should have fixed upon Waterloo for his point of junction ;  he would then have had the day of the 16th, and the night between the 16th and 17th, an interval quite sufficient, to collect the whole of his army, infantry, cavalry, and artillery.  The French could not have arrived until the 17th, and would have found all his troops in position.

Eighth Observation.— “ 1st, The English General fought the battle of Waterloo on the 18th, that measure was contrary to the interests of his nation, to the general system of war adopted by the allies, and to all the rules of war.  It was not the interest of England, who wants so many men to recruit her armies of India, of her American colonies, and her vast establishments, to expose herself, with a generous vivacity, to a sanguinary contest in which she might lose the only army she had, and expend, at the very least, her purest blood.  The plan of the allies consisted in operating in a mass and in avoiding all partial actions.  Nothing was more contrary to their interests and their plan, than to expose the success of their cause in a doubtful battle with a nearly equal force, in which all the probabilities were against them.  If the Anglo-Dutch army had been destroyed at Waterloo, of what use to the allies would have been the great number of armies, that were preparing to cross the Rhine, the Alps, and the Pyrenees.

“ 2dly,—The English General in accepting the battle of Waterloo, placed his reliance on the co-operation of the Prussians, but that co-operation could not be carried into effect until the afternoon ;  he therefore continued exposed alone from four o’clock in the morning until five in the afternoon, that is to say, for thirteen hours ;  no battle lasts generally more than six hours ;  that co-operation was therefore an illusion.

“ But, if he relied upon the co-operation of the Prussians, he must have supposed, that the whole of the French army was opposed to him, and he must consequently have undertaken to defend his field of battle, during thirteen hours, with 90,000 men of different nations, against an army of 104,000 French.  That calculation was evidently false ;  he could not have maintained himself three hours ;  the battle would have been decided by eight o’clock in the morning, and the Prussians would, have arrived only to be taken in flank.  Both armies would have been destroyed in one battle.  If he calculated, that a part of the French army had, conformably to the rules of war, pursued the Prussian army, he ought, in that case, to be convinced that he could receive no assistance from it, and that the Prussians, beaten at Lintz, with the loss of from 25, to 30,000 men on the field of battle, and 20,000 scattered and dispersed over the country, and pursued by from 35, to 40,000 victorious French, would not have risked any fresh operation, and would have considered themselves scarcely sufficient to maintain a defensive position.  In that case, the Anglo-Dutch army alone would have to sustain the shock of 69,000 French during the whole of the 18th, and there is no Englishman who will not agree, that the result of that struggle could not be doubtful, and that their army was not constituted so as to be capable of sustaining the attack of the imperial army for four hours.

“ During the whole of the night between the 17th and 18th, the weather was horrible, and the roads were impassable until nine o’clock in the morning.  This loss of six hours from the break of day was entirely in the enemy’s favour ;  but could the English General stake the fate of such a struggle upon the weather which happened in the night between the 17th and 18th ?  Marshal Grouchy, with 34,000 men, and 180 pieces of cannon found the secret, which one would suppose, was not to be found, of not being in the engagement of the 18th, either on the field of battle of Mont Saint Jean or on Wavres.  But had that Marshal pledged himself to the English General to be led astray in so strange a manner ?  The conduct of Marshal Grouchy was as unexpected, as that his army should, on its march, be swallowed up by an earthquake.  Let us recapitulate.  If Marshal Grouchy had been on the field of battle of Mont Saint Jean, as he was supposed to be by the English General and the Prussian General, during the whole night between the 17th and 18th, and all the morning of the 18th, and the weather had allowed the French army to be drawn up in order of battle at four o’clock in the morning, the Anglo-Dutch army would have been dispersed and cut to pieces before seven ;  its ruin would have been complete ;  and if the weather had not allowed the French army to range itself in order of battle until ten, the fate of the Anglo-Dutch army would have been decided before one o’clock at noon ;  the remains of it would have been driven either beyond the forest or in the direction of Hal, and there would have been quite time enough in the afternoon to go and meet Marshal Blucher, and treat him in a similar manner.  If Marshal Grouchy had encamped in front of Wavres in the night between the 17th and 18th, no detachment could have been sent by the Prussians to save the English army, which must have been completely beaten by the 69,000 French opposed to it.

“ 3dly.—The position of Mont Saint Jean was ill chosen.  The first requisite of a field of battle is to be without defiles in its rear.  The English General derived no advantage, during the battle, from his numerous cavalry ;  he did not think, that he ought to be and would be attacked on the left ;  he believed that the attack would be made on his right.  Notwithstanding the diversion operated in his favour by General Bulow’s 30,000 Prussians, he would have twice effected his retreat, during the battle, had that measure been possible.  Thus, in reality, how strange and capricious are human events ! the bad choice of his field of battle, which prevented all possibility of retreat, was the cause of his success !!!

Ninth Observation.— “ It may be asked, what then should have been the conduct of the English General after the battle of Ligny, and the engagement of Quatre Bras ?  On this point, posterity will not entertain two opinions ;  he ought, in the night between the 17th and 18th, to have crossed the forest of Soignes, by the road of Charleroi ;  the Prussian army ought also to have crossed it by the road of Wavres ;  the armies would have effected a junction by break of day in Brussels ;  left their rear guards for the defence of the forest, gained some days in order to give time to the Prussians, dispersed after the battle of Ligny, to join their army ;  reinforced themselves with fourteen English regiments, which were in garrison in the fortresses of Belgium, or had been just landed at Ostend on their return from America, and let the Emperor of the French manoeuvre as he pleased.

“ Would he, with an army of 100,000 men have traversed the forest of Soignes to attack in an open country the two united armies, consisting of more than 200,000 men, and in position ?  It would have certainly been the most advantageous thing that could have happened to the allies.  Would he have been contented with taking up a position himself ?  He could not have long remained in an inactive state, since 300,000 Russians, Austrians, Bavarians, &c. were on their march to the Rhine they would have been in a few weeks on the Marne, which would have compelled him to hasten to the assistance of his capital.  It was then, that the Anglo-Prussian army ought to march and effect its junction with the allies, under the walls of Paris.  It would have exposed itself to no risk, suffered no loss, and have acted conformably to the interests of the English nation, and the general plan of carrying on the war adopted by the allies, and sanctioned by the rules of the military art.  From the 15th to the 18th the Duke of Wellington invariably manoeuvred, as his enemy wished;  he executed nothing which the latter apprehended he would.  The English infantry was firm and solid ;  the cavalry might have conducted itself better ;  the Anglo-Dutch army was twice saved, in the course of the day, by the Prussians, the first time before three o’clock, by the arrival of General Bulow with 30,000 men, and the second time by the arrival of Marshal Blucher with 31,000 men.  In that battle, 69,000 French beat 120,000 men ;  the victory was wrested from them, between eight and nine, by 150,000 men.

“ Let the feelings of the people of London be imagined, had they been doomed to hear of the destruction of their army, and the prodigal waste of their purest blood, in support of the cause of kings against that of the people, of privileges against equality, of the oligarchs against the liberals, and of the principles of the holy alliance against those of the sovereignty of the people !!! ”